Sedimentary Rocks Essays (557 words) - Geology, Petrology

Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rock On Quartz and sedimentary rocks Silicon and oxygen, the two most common chemical elements in the Earth's crust, combine as silicon dioxide to form the mineral quartz. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, are Rocks that are formed by the compaction of sediments or by the crystallization of the dissolved minerals. Quartz is the most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust. Quartz has been found in meteorites and in some rocks collected on the moon. Quartz has the chemical formula SiO2. There are many varieties of quartz, which occurs in nearly all types of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. It is an essential mineral in granites, granodiorites and rhyolites. Metamorphism of quartz-bearing igneous and sedimentary rocks typically increases the amount of quartz and its grain size. Quartz is very resistant to weathering and, therefore, concentrates as sandstones and other detrital rocks. Most sands are weathered fragments of quartz. Sandstone and quartzite are the same materials that are re-lithified (compressed into rock). Quartz has many commercial applications. In science and industry, quartz sand is used for manufacturing sandpaper and other abrasives, polishing powders and soaps. It is used to make building materials, heat-resistant materials known as refractories and for the bearings of precision instruments. Quartz sand is also used in the manufacture of porcelain, glass and metal casting molds. Precision-cut plates of quartz are used for frequency control in radios, TVs, clocks and watches. Compositionally, quartz is usually quite pure, with only traces of other elements like aluminum, sodium, potassium and lithium. Quartz is found as large crystals that are often beautifully colored by impurities. The many varieties of quartz are due to formation of different geometric arrangements of its tetrahedral crystals. This accounts for different crystal structures, and, therefore, different physical properties. To form Quartz sandstone, rock particles & remains of living things are deposited in the sea by rivers and waves. These sediments accumulate layer by layer, over thousands or millions of years, forming thick deposits on land or on the sea floor. The weight of the overlying sediments compact those below. Over time, they form sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually occur in shallow parts of the sea or in lakes in desert areas where evaporation is higher than precipitation. As evaporation takes place, water is lost and the dissolved minerals form crystals. As evaporation continues, more crystals form and accumulate on the sea or lake floor, becoming sedimentary rocks, i.e. coal. They have a layered appearance because the materials that form them are deposited in layers. Plant and animal fossils can be found in many sedimentary rocks. Color: Very variable; frequently red, brown, greenish, yellow, gray, white. Texture: Medium-grained. Usually well sorted, that is grains all about the same size; grains sub angular to rounded (sandstone). Structure: Bedding usually apparent; current bedding and ripple marks common; graded bedding may occur. Concretions and fossils may be found. Mineralogy: Quartz is the main component but is often accompanied by feldspar, mica or other minerals. The grains may be cemented by silica, calcite or iron oxides. Field relations: Sandstones are associated with most other sedimentary rocks. Most sands accumulated either in water, usually the sea, or as wind-blown deposits in arid continental areas. Desert sandstones tend to be red, and the individual sand grains are often almost spherical and polished. Bibliography www.geology.com Science Essays

Rheumatoid Arthritis questin answers Essay Example

Rheumatoid Arthritis questin answers Essay Example Rheumatoid Arthritis questin answers Essay Rheumatoid Arthritis questin answers Essay 10. Who is most commonly affected my rheumatoid arthritis? Rheumatoid arthritis, being the most common form of autoimmune arthritis, affects over 1. 3 million Americans. Of these 1. 3 million people, 975,000 are women, or 75%. 1-3% of women will develop rheumatoid arthritis over their lifetime. Though it is most common to develop rheumatoid arthritis from ages 40-60, it may develop at any age. Rheumatoid arthritis more commonly effects Native Americans than any other race in America. You are also more susceptible to rheumatoid arthritis if you are a heavy smoker or if you are related to someone who has rheumatoid arthritis. Another factor that can contribute to the development of rheumatoid arthritis is obesity 2. Rheumatoid Arthritis I American College of Rheumatology I ACR. Rheumatoid Arthritis I American College of Rheumatology I ACR. N. p. , n. d. Web. 24 Sept. 2013.. (25) 1 1 . What does rheumatoid arthritis do to your body? Rheumatoid arthritis affects each persons body differently. Some people have long periods of remission where they experience no symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis whatsoever. When symptoms occur, the victims Joints become inflamed. This occurs for unknown reasons, as there is no definite cause of rheumatoid arthritis. When the Joints get inflamed, it wears down the cartilage, and as the cartilage breaks down, the space between the bones narrow, and the bones can rub against each other. 4. Rheumatoid Arthritis RA Center: Symptoms, Pain Relief, Causes, -rests, and Medications. WebMD. WebMD, n. d. web. 23 sept. 2013.. (20) 7. What is rheumatoid arthritis? Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease in which your bodys immune system attacks your bodys Joints by accident. This causes inflammation and can damage both Joints and organs. The causes of rheumatoid arthritis are mostly nknown, but it is genetic and appears more commonly in the obese and smokers. It often occurs in people ages forty to sixty. 1 . Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Treatment Programs for Rheumatoid Arthritis Pain. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Treatment Programs for Rheumatoid Arthritis Pain. The Arthritis Foundation, n. d. Web. 23 Sept. 2013.. (25) 12. What is the difference between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis? Osteoarthritis affects over 27 million Americans. Osteoarthritis is the breakdown of cartilage. As cartilage deteriorates, bones begin to rub against one another. This makes it difficult for you to use that Joint. Osteoarthritis also damages ligaments and muscles. Osteoarthritis can cause a need for Joint replacements. The two types of Osteoarthritis are primary and secondary. Primary osteoarthritis is associated with aging. The older you are, the more likely you are to have some form of primary osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is a disease, and not part of the normal aging process. Secondary osteoarthritis develops early in life, typically 10 or more years after a specific cause, such as an injury or obesity. Osteoarthritis occurs most often in knees, hips and hands. sability, and limited range of motion is an outcome of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis can affect any Joint in the body. Rheumatoid arthritis is symmetrical, meaning if a Joint on one side of the body is affected, the corresponding joint on the other side of the body is also involved. The tissue that surrounds the joint called the synovium and is what becomes inflamed. 1 . Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Treatment Programs for Rheumatoid Arthritis Pain. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Treatment Programs for Rheumatoid Arthritis Pain. The Arthritis Foundation, n. d. web. 23 sept. 2013.. (25) (25)

Understanding Research techniques in nursing Essay

Understanding Research techniques in nursing - Essay Example In addition to that, the nominal level of measurement entails the grouping of cases into categories. On the same note, in this level of measurement, the measure of dispersion draws its basis on the frequency of the distribution which is the particular frequency of cases in each category (Fisher& Marshall, 2009). On the contrary, the other level of measurement in descriptive statistics is the ordinal level. Apparently, this level of measurement entails grouping of cases into several groups like the previous case. However, here unlike the first case, the categories have numerical hierarchies where data in this level of measurement are classified in a hierarchical manner; in other words, starting from the lowest to the highest point for instance marks (Fethney, 2010). Notably, the measures of the dispersion are similar to the nominal level of measurement but they only vary on the arrangement of the data in the groups. Evidently, the role of descriptive statistics is inevitable in the field of nursing; self-efficacy, which is the ability of a nurse to translate research into meaningful evidence in the field of healthcare (Britt, 2009). On that note, through the study of descriptive statistics, a nurse can be able to think critically and reasonably and thus better job performance (Fisher& Marshall, 2009). It is worth noting that, this particular area of study aids in the building of the thinking capacity of an individual and thus the self-efficacy. Apparently, descriptive statistics can be said to at times very persuasive since it is not a very difficult discipline to venture in as compared to other fields for instance science which may require very complex scientific experiments in order to yield a particular result (Fethney, 2010). Although descriptive statistics plays a huge clinical significance, so does the confidence intervals. On the same

Nursing Ethics and Leadership Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing Ethics and Leadership Assignment - Essay Example They also carry embody the vision, mission and values of the unit and share with their staff. In line with the budget, we are also charged with managing human resource, ensuring patient and staff satisfaction, maintaining a safe environment for staff, patients and visitors, ensuring standards and quality of care are also maintained. Nurse Managers are also responsible for hiring, training and developing employees. That must however be done through a very economical way. It is common knowledge that all facilities are faced with the problem of scarce resources which must meet all the patients need. Nurses are supposed to be empathetic and work according to the Science of Safety principles of safety design. Therefore, as a nurse manager, it is my responsibility to ensure that every patient’s individual needs are met in an empathetic but professional way. For example, a patient may require a special room. This will be done as per the institution values and protocols. Another protocol is involving the patient and family centered care. As such, as a nurse manager, I am tasked with ensuring that their customers get thee best care possible. By having a supportive and very caring environment where the patients are allowed interactions with their patients, this can be a reality (Studer, 2003). They are also tasked with ensuring quality food, translation or sign language services for their customers. Therefore, our operational costs must be all inclusive. It is important to note that as a nurse manager, I am supposed to subscribe to the Joint Commission for Medicare & Medicaid Services. The local government too has a stake in the quality of care delivered by the facilities to the general. It is therefore by default that a nurse manager draw a budget that is compliant with all these protocols lay down. The nursing codes in western countries specify that a nurse’s primary responsibility is to the patient and not the doctors or employees. One of

Sources of Errors as a Student, Employee, Business Owner Essay Example for Free

Sources of Errors as a Student, Employee, Business Owner Essay Error Proofing/Poka-Yokes: The most useful mean for the lean incessant improvement is that of poka-yokes. The idea actually is to develop countermeasures that give protection against errors and mistakes that occur in a process. If we follow these countermeasures, we would be considered secure from many errors which can be disastrous for us. The idea to make every aspect of life error proof permeates our education sector, our attitude as employees, and as business owners. 1. Student Errors:Â  * The common error made by the students is to choice their profession, which may not be according to their capabilities and talent. Therefore, it is necessary to choose the profession according to the talent and abilities. * There are students, irregular in their studies because they do not manage a proper schedule for studies. To avoid this, they need to plan for their study goals properly. 2. Employees Errors: * The relationship of an employee with his boss and colleagues matters a lot in understanding his nature of working. He must have the ability to follow the management decisions and direct his subordinates properly. * Violation of rules from the employee’s side. Every organization has its rules and every employees needs to follow these rules in order to work for the benefit of the organization. 3. Business Owner Errors: * Failure of any business is that when business owners don’t set their goals to attain. So in order to avoid the failure there must be strategy and rules. * Business owner may not have strength to get the required quality of work from workers. He must have grip on every aspect of his business. 4. Personal Life Errors: * Some people do not have clarity in their life. It is one of the major error or mistake of life. One must set goals to enjoy a successful life. * Some people are trying to find the shortcuts for enjoying a successful life which may prove fatal for them. Therefore, go for hard work rather to find shortcut paths.

Racial Prejudice in Harper Lee´s To Kill a Mockingbird Essay -- discri

Life is like a thrill ride; one never knows what will be in store for them. Many characters in the story To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee feel the same way about life, having experienced many surprising and unexpected turns of events. This story is about a sleepy southern town filled with prejudice, and a lawyer’s quest, along with his children Scout and Jem, to take steps in ridding the town of its prejudiced attitude. Despite being a white man, a lawyer named Atticus, defends an innocent black man accused of raping a white woman. However, everything does not go as was hoped, and the mindset of the society overpowered Atticus’s fair-minded argument. From this emerges a theme regarding the bigotry and bias overwhelming Maycomb: A prejudiced society results in blindness and ignorance, which can be thwarted through courageous and compassionate actions. The discriminatory mindset of Maycomb’s society shows how prejudice can result in blindness. For example, in Scout’s class, Miss Gates talks about persecution of innocent people in a society after a student brings up the topic of Hitler and the massacre going on in Germany. â€Å"Over here we don’t believe in persecuting anybody. Persecution comes from people who are prejudiced.† (329) Miss Gates is extremely biased towards black people in her own society, and she doesn’t recognize the atrocities happening all around her, similar to the ones happening in Germany. This quote employs irony to show that because of these dominant external and internal influences, Miss Gates is blind to the injustice taking place. She is overly discriminatory towards black people, and feels that they should be treated as lower than white people. This shows how strongly biased mindsets, similar to th... ...history by nearly every race and group in the world; even those who seem the most peaceful and sophisticated commit this atrocity. For example, in the American colonial times, white men from Europe settling in the Americas discriminated against the Native Americans. They decided that they were superior to the Native Americans, and that they had total right to rampage their native lands and claim it as their own. This has been happening ever since the beginning of time and it will continue until the end of civilization, but through courage and compassion, the destructive course of prejudice can be controlled. Work Cited Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. New York: Warner Books, 1982.

Animal Cruelty Analysis

Animal Cruelty Shawn Brinkley Devry University Animal Cruelty Animal cruelty is something we hear about every day on the television from all the different shows. We think we understand the whole concept in which someone can be like that to an animal. The type of person that treats a animal like an object instead of a living breathing thing on this earth is someone that has certain issues that we all can not truly explain. Animal cruelty; what is animal cruelty? Is it cruelty to animals at any point, or is it just for self-glorification? There are many forms of animal cruelty.Most see animal cruelty as a intentional hatred or violence towards animals in which the animals suffer for no known reason other than possible self-satisfaction or glorification of the individual. While some people only think of animal cruelty in the confines of domestic animals e. g. dogs, cats, and other household pets, it extends far beyond that. Cruelty to animals, also known as animal abuse or animal neglec t consists of inflictions of suffering or harm upon animals of the non-human type. Animal abuse can be narrowed down to specific gain, such as killing animals for food or for their fur.The term animal cruelty often arises when opinions differ in respect to the method of slaughter of the animal. Certain cruelty to animals encompasses inflicting harm for personal amusement or to fulfill zoo sadistic impulses, such as inflicting physical harm that can leave the animal disfigured. In looking into animal abuse or animal neglect you may find two different ways to approach the issue. Looking into this further, animal welfare has a position that there is nothing inherently wrong with using animals for human purposes, such as food, clothing, entertainment, and research.Although this does mean these things have to be done in a humane way to minimize unnecessary pain and suffering to the animals themselves. Animal theorist have also criticized that these reason can be argued by the words such as â€Å"unnecessary† and â€Å"Humane† being that they are widely differing interpretations. One argument is to insure protection for animals by making them not to be considered as property and never used as commodities as well. The legal side of this is that the law is designed to prevent the needless cruelty to animals, like killing the animals for fun instead of utilizing the animal for food.Specific countries may frown upon certain animals being used as a source of food having instated in the laws that the cruelty of this is something that will be looked over and not enforced. As a country does not enforce their own laws on the cruelty of the animals this leaves the wide variety of cruelty being looked at closely. Many countries jurisdictions vary around the world having enacted statutes for which forbidden cruelty to some animals may vary and in some cases by the use or practices. There are many reasons individuals abuse animals, cruelty to animals covers a wide range of actions or the lack of action.As we learn about the animal abuse in the world we see certain patterns of behavior employed by most abusers. When we look into animal cruelty it is often broken down into two main categories: active and passive cruelty, this is also referred to as commission and omission. Passive cruelty is in which the cruelty is a lack of action rather than the action itself. Such examples are when a person does not feed the animal (starvation, dehydration and parasite infestations). Other forms are allowing a collar to grow in the skin of the animal because of over tightening and heavy restraints.Inadequate shelter is another where in by the animal isn't given shelter in extreme weather conditions. Active cruelty is where malicious intent is the driving force behind causing harm to animals. Examples of this are when the animal is hurt in any way for no reason such as, beating a dog so hard that they can't walk for barking, shooting animals for fun instead o f game or sport, and throwing a cat off a bridge to see if they can always land on their feet. These examples are active cruelty for the reason of plain enjoyment of the person conducting them.Long before animals became part of the corporate industrial process, the ethics of the animals came first with the husbandry which is the care of the animals. This was the whole interest of the farmers they believed this was a major part in the raising of the animals. Animals were raised on diverse farms that produced crops and several species of animals having access to open pasture and barnyard when weather permits. Husbandry was considered the responsibility of the producers; now that this has all changed the conditions have become considerably worse. â€Å"According to one poll conducted by Oklahoma StateUniversity and the American Farm Bureau Federation found that 75% of the public would like to see government mandates for basic animal welfare measures. † (http://www. closeanimalfa ctories. org/the-issues/animal-cruelty/) Chickens are one of the top leading animals that are miss-treated. Hens sometimes live in a cage that is now bigger than a sheet of paper, causing them to grow into the wires of the cage and slowly dying from dehydration. These kinds of farms breed the birds for only one purpose. Other farms consist of thousands of hens breed just for laying eggs and nothing more. In the United States, an estimated 95% of egg-laying hens are intensively confined in battery cages. †(United Egg Producers. (2008 Edition published 2003). Inside these cages they keep 5 to 6 birds in, but sometime they go too far and keep up to 10 birds. These cages are simply larger in size, but are made from the same material as the cages the size of a sheet of paper. The number of birds that are used like this will astound most Americans. â€Å"As of December 2008, about 300 million birds are confined in battery, almost one for every U. S. citizens. † (USDA National Agriculture Statistics Service. (2008).Pigs are another animal that is covered in the animal cruelty world very widely. The pig farms out there have many pigs that are breed just to breed or only live for a few months before they are slaughtered. Pigs have been used for testing on the side for their skin, because they have the closes skin type to humans this brings on the many test. Pig farms have become larger because of the slow push out of the smaller farms. â€Å"Since the factory systems took hold in the late 1960s, more and more pigs have been produced by increasingly larger operations where small pig farms start to disappear. † (National Hog Farmer, 15 Feb. 002) Pigs are being used like they are machines instead of animals. Certain farms believe that they are just there for one purpose. Some farmers have stated this â€Å"Forget the pig is an animal. Treat him just like a machine in a factory. Schedule treatments like you would lubrication. Breeding season like the f irst step in a assembly line. And marketing like the delivery of finished goods. † (Hog Farm Management Sept 1976). Throughout the nation there millions of pigs being used in these farms and live these kinds of live. Pigs in farms today are pumped with antibiotics because of the many different types of disease that are showing up. In the U. S. , antibiotics are added to 90% of starter feeds, 75% of grower feeds and more than half of finishing feeds for pigs† (Keep Antibiotics Working – Dec. 2003). The reason behind this because of the pigs being packed in cages that barely fit them. â€Å"Two-thirds of all pigs produced in the United States, or around fifty-three million animals a year, spend their lives in a total confinement pig farm. † (Hog Farm Management Sept 1976). Animals being treat as a product is becoming more and more profound. These animals being treated as factories or just machines is something we as a society address on the behalf of the anim als themselves.Animals have been around for millions of years and yes we as humans do depend on them for survival, but we need to understand that many animals are being harmed for this. Animals are used for something every day of our lives from being something we eat, something that we cherish, something we make money from. Animals have made a difference in our live even if we don’t know it. The cruelty to animals is becoming an epidemic across the United States from the smaller animals of bird, dog, cats, and exotic animals.The larger animals are becoming the main source of the cruelty from the chickens, up to the elephants in the circuses. Throughout the nation we have organizations that are willing to stand up for the animals and fight for them as well. The Humane society, PETA, and the animal activist out there are willing to step up to the defense of the animals themselves. PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) is an organization that believes that animals h ave rights just as humans. These rights fight for the animals to not be treated in humane in any way that a human would not be treated as well.In conclusion, animal cruelty is a problem not only in our country but throughout the world. Simple reasons may have cause the cruelty and maybe they are caused by malicious intent of a person. Animal cruelty is something that can be addressed and stop throughout the world if we as people are will to step in. The steps needed to stop animal cruelty are slowly taking effect, from the interaction of law into the farms, to the government shutting down the larger production companies. Reference: The Center to Exposed & Close Animal Factories 2010 http://www. closeanimalfactories. rg/the-issues/animal-cruelty/ United Egg Producers. (2008 Edition published 2003). United Egg Producers Animal Husbandry Guidelines For U. S. Egg Laying Flocks. Retrieved November 15, 2008. Page 1, paragraph 6. USDA National Agriculture Statistics Service. (2008). Chicke ns and Eggs. Retrieved December 16, 2008. page 1. Joe Vansickle, â€Å"Quality Assurance Program Launched,† National Hog Farmer, 15 Feb. 2002 http://www. animalsuffering. com/resources/facts/factory-farming. php J. Byrnes – Raising Pigs by the Calendar at Maplewood Farm – Hog Farm Management Sept 1976